1-1 Reinforced Concrete Structures 1
1-2 Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete 1
1-3 Reinforced Concrete Members 2
1-4 Factors Affecting Choice of Reinforced Concrete for a Structure 6
1-5 Historical Development of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete as Structural Materials 7
1-6 Building Codes and the ACI Code 10
References 10
2.THE DESIGN PROCESS
2-1 Objectives of Design 12
2-2 The Design Process 12
2-3 Limit States and the Design of Reinforced Concrete 13
2-4 Structural Safety 17
2-5 Probabilistic Calculation of Safety Factors 19
2-6 Design Procedures Specified in the ACI Building Code 20
2-7 Load Factors and Load Combinations in the 2011 ACI Code 23
2-8 Loadings and Actions 28
2-9 Design for Economy 38
2-10 Sustainability 39
2-11 Customary Dimensions and Construction Tolerances 40
2-12 Inspection 40
2-13 Accuracy of Calculations 41
2-14 Handbooks and Design Aids 41
References 41
3.MATERIALS
3-1 Concrete 43
3-2 Behavior of Concrete Failing in Compression 43
3-3 Compressive Strength of Concrete 46
3-4 Strength Under Tensile and Multiaxial Loads 59
3-5 Stress–Strain Curves for Concrete 67
3-6 Time-Dependent Volume Changes 73
3-7 High-Strength Concrete 85
3-8 Lightweight Concrete 87
3-9 Fiber Reinforced Concrete 88
3-10 Durability of Concrete 90
3-11 Behavior of Concrete Exposed to High and Low Temperatures 91
3-12 Shotcrete 93
3-13 High-Alumina Cement 93
3-14 Reinforcement 93
3-15 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforcement 99
3-16 Prestressing Steel 100
References 102
4.FLEXURE: BEHAVIOR AND NOMINAL STRENGTH OF BEAM SECTIONS
4-1 Introduction 105
4-2 Flexure Theory 108
4-3 Simplifications in Flexure Theory for Design 119
4-4 Analysis of Nominal Moment Strength for Singly-Reinforced Beam Sections
4-5 Definition of Balanced Conditions 131
4-6 Code Definitions of Tension-Controlled and Compression-Controlled Sections
4-7 Beams with Compression Reinforcement 142
4-8 Analysis of Flanged Sections 152
4-9 Unsymmetrical Beam Sections 165
References 172
5.FLEXURAL DESIGN OF BEAM SECTIONS
5-1 Introduction 173
5-2 Analysis of Continuous One-Way Floor Systems 173
5-3 Design of Singly Reinforced Beam Sections with Rectangular Compression Zones
5-4 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam Sections 220
5-5 Design of Continuous One-Way Slabs 228
References 242
6.SHEAR IN BEAMS
6-1 Introduction 243
6-2 Basic Theory 245
6-3 Behavior of Beams Failing in Shear 250
6-4 Truss Model of the Behavior of Slender Beams Failing in Shear 261
6-5 Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams for Shear—ACI Code 268
6-6 Other Shear Design Methods 295
6-7 Hanger Reinforcement 300
6-8 Tapered Beams 302
6-9 Shear in Axially Loaded Members 303
6-10 Shear in Seismic Regions 307
References 310
7.TORSION
7-1 Introduction and Basic Theory 312
7-2 Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected to Torsion 323
7-3 Design Methods for Torsion 325
7-4 Thin-Walled Tube/Plastic Space Truss Design Method 325
7-5 Design for Torsion and Shear—ACI Code 339
7-6 Application of ACI Code Design Method for Torsion 345
References 366
8.DEVELOPMENT, ANCHORAGE, AND SPLICING OF REINFORCEMENT
8-1 Introduction 367
8-2 Mechanism of Bond Transfer 372
8-3 Development Length 373
8-4 Hooked Anchorages 381
8-5 Headed and Mechanically Anchored Bars in Tension 386
8-6 Design for Anchorage 388
8-7 Bar Cutoffs and Development of Bars in Flexural Members 394
8-8 Reinforcement Continuity and Structural Integrity Requirements 404
8-9 Splices 422
References 426
9.SERVICEABILITY
9-1 Introduction 427
9-2 Elastic Analysis of Stresses in Beam Sections 428
9-3 Cracking 434
9-4 Deflections of Concrete Beams 443
9-5 Consideration of Deflections in Design 451
9-6 Frame Deflections 462
9-7 Vibrations 462
9-8 Fatigue 464
References 466
10.CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND ONE-WAY SLABS
10-1 Introduction 468
10-2 Continuity in Reinforced Concrete Structures 468
10-3 Continuous Beams 472
10-4 Design of Girders 493
10-5 Joist Floors 494
10-6 Moment Redistribution 496
References 498
11.COLUMNS: COMBINED AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING
11-1 Introduction 499
11-2 Tied and Spiral Columns 500
11-3 Interaction Diagrams 506
11-4 Interaction Diagrams for Reinforced Concrete Columns 508
11-5 Design of Short Columns 527
11-6 Contributions of Steel and Concrete to Column Strength 544
11-7 Biaxially Loaded Columns 546
References 559
12.SLENDER COLUMNS
12-1 Introduction 561
12-2 Behavior and Analysis of Pin-Ended Columns 566
12-3 Behavior of Restrained Columns in Nonsway Frames 584
12-4 Design of Columns in Nonsway Frames 589
12-5 Behavior of Restrained Columns in Sway Frames 600
12-6 Calculation of Moments in Sway Frames Using Second-Order Analyses 603
12-7 Design of Columns in Sway Frames 608
12-8 General Analysis of Slenderness Effects 626
12-9 Torsional Critical Load 627
References 630
13.TWO-WAY SLABS: BEHAVIOR, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN
13-1 Introduction 632
13-2 History of Two-Way Slabs 634
13-3 Behavior of Slabs Loaded to Failure in Flexure 634
13-4 Analysis of Moments in Two-Way Slabs 637
13-5 Distribution of Moments in Slabs 641
13-6 Design of Slabs 647
13-7 The Direct-Design Method 652
13-8 Equivalent-Frame Methods 667
13-9 Use of Computers for an Equivalent-Frame Analysis 689
13-10 Shear Strength of Two-Way Slabs 695
13-11 Combined Shear and Moment Transfer in Two-Way Slabs 714
13-12 Details and Reinforcement Requirements 731
13-13 Design of Slabs Without Beams 736
13-14 Design of Slabs with Beams in Two Directions 762
13-15 Construction Loads on Slabs 772
13-16 Deflections in Two-Way Slab Systems 774
13-17 Use of Post-Tensioning 778
References 782
14.TWO-WAY SLABS: ELASTIC AND YIELD-LINE ANALYSES
14-1 Review of Elastic Analysis of Slabs 785
14-2 Design Moments from a Finite-Element Analysis 787
14-3 Yield-Line Analysis of Slabs: Introduction 789
14-4 Yield-Line Analysis: Applications for Two-Way Slab Panels 796
14-5 Yield-Line Patterns at Discontinuous Corners 806
14-6 Yield-Line Patterns at Columns or at Concentrated Loads 807
References 811
15. FOOTINGS
15-1 Introduction 812
15-2 Soil Pressure Under Footings 812
15-3 Structural Action of Strip and Spread Footings 820
15-4 Strip or Wall Footings 827
15-5 Spread Footings 830
15-6 Combined Footings 844
15-7 Mat Foundations 854
15-8 Pile Caps 854
References 857
16. SHEAR FRICTION, HORIZONTAL SHEAR TRANSFER,AND COMPOSITE CONCRETE BEAMS
16-1 Introduction 858
16-2 Shear Friction 858
16-3 Composite Concrete Beams 869
References 878
17.DISCONTINUITY REGIONS AND STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS
17-1 Introduction 879
17-2 Design Equation and Method of Solution 882
17-3 Struts 882
17-4 Ties 888
17-5 Nodes and Nodal Zones 889
17-6 Common Strut-and-Tie Models 901
17-7 Layout of Strut-and-Tie Models 903
17-8 Deep Beams 908
17-9 Continuous Deep Beams 922
17-10 Brackets and Corbels 935
17-11 Dapped Ends 947
17-12 Beam–Column Joints 953
17-13 Bearing Strength 966
17-14 T-Beam Flanges 968
References 971
18. WALLS AND SHEAR WALLS
18-1 Introduction 973
18-2 Bearing Walls 976
18-3 Retaining Walls 980
18-4 Tilt-Up Walls 980
18-5 Shear Walls 980
18-6 Lateral Load-Resisting Systems for Buildings 981
18-7 Shear Wall–Frame Interaction 983
18-8 Coupled Shear Walls 984
18-9 Design of Structural Walls—General 989
18-10 Flexural Strength of Shear Walls 999
18-11 Shear Strength of Shear Walls 1005
18-12 Critical Loads for Axially Loaded Walls 1016
References 1025
19 DESIGN FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE 1027
19-1 Introduction 1027
19-2 Seismic Response Spectra 1028
19-3 Seismic Design Requirements 1033
19-4 Seismic Forces on Structures 1037
19-5 Ductility of Reinforced Concrete Members 1040
19-6 General ACI Code Provisions for Seismic Design 1042
19-7 Flexural Members in Special Moment Frames 1045
19-8 Columns in Special Moment Frames 1059
19-9 Joints of Special Moment Frames 1068
19-10 Structural Diaphragms 1071
19-11 Structural Walls 1073
19-12 Frame Members Not Proportioned to Resist Forces Induced by Earthquake Motions 1080
19-13 Special Precast Structures 1081
19-14 Foundations 1081
References 1081
APPENDIX A DESIGN AIDS 1083
APPENDIX B NOTATION 1133
INDEX
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